Indonesian entertainment and popular culture are currently experiencing a historic "golden age," transitioning from a domestic-focused market to a regional powerhouse that rivals South Korean content in popularity. This shift is driven by a massive digital-native population—roughly 143 million active social media users—and a film industry that is smashing previous box office records with diverse, high-quality storytelling. The Cinematic Boom and Genre Expansion

The Indonesian film sector has rebounded faster than most international markets, with local productions commanding 65% of the national box office as of late 2024. While horror remains a foundational staple, the industry is rapidly diversifying into sophisticated dramas and high-concept sci-fi.

The Rise of Indonesia's Entertainment Industry - Asia Society

BASE's most recent films are Joko Anwar's Impetigore (2019) which premiered at Sundance 2020 and was last year's one of Indonesia' Asia Society Disney+ Hotstar

Controversy and Censorship: The Tightrope Walk

However, this vibrant growth exists under a watchful eye. The Indonesian government, through the Indonesian Broadcasting Commission (KPI) and the Ministry of Communication and Informatics (Kominfo), has significant power to censor content considered "negative." This includes anything deemed blasphemous (which is dangerous in a multi-faith nation), too sexually suggestive, or disruptive to Ketertiban Umum (public order).

In 2024 and 2025, controversies have erupted over films depicting LGBTQ+ relationships (which remain taboo) and the viral spread of "morally corrupt" content on social media. The recent Ujung-ujungnya Dilarang (Eventually, It's Banned) phenomenon, where songs or videos are abruptly removed from streaming services, demonstrates the fragile line creators walk. They must appease a conservative older generation and religious authorities while courting a liberal, globalized youth.

Festivals and Celebrations

Indonesia celebrates numerous cultural festivals throughout the year, such as Idul Fitri (Eid al-Fitr) and Nyepi (the Day of Silence in Bali). These events showcase the country's rich cultural diversity through music, dance, and traditional attire.

In conclusion, Indonesian entertainment and popular culture are dynamic and multifaceted, reflecting the country's diverse ethnic backgrounds and its journey through modernity. As Indonesia continues to grow and evolve, its vibrant culture is set to captivate audiences both locally and globally.

Indonesian entertainment and popular culture are a vibrant synthesis of deep-rooted traditions and a rapidly evolving digital landscape. In 2026, this sector is defined by its ability to blend "living heritage" with contemporary global trends, transforming local expressions into significant instruments of soft power The Cinematic Renaissance

Indonesia’s film industry has entered a "breakout" era, with local productions consistently outperforming foreign blockbusters at the domestic box office. Box Office Dominance

: Local films captured approximately 65% of the market share in 2024, with admissions reaching 82 million and projected to surpass 100 million within five years. Global Reach : Platforms like

have been instrumental in this expansion. The horror-survival film The Elixir

reached the number one spot on Netflix's global non-English chart in late 2025. Genre Trends

: While horror remains a powerhouse, there is a growing demand for diverse storytelling that reflects local nuances and contemporary social issues. The Musical Mosaic: From Dangdut to Indie

Music is expected to become a major driver of Indonesian "experience tourism" by 2026. The scene is characterized by a unique hierarchy of genres: Dangdut & Koplo

: Often called the "music of the people," Dangdut continues to evolve. Dangdut Koplo

, known for its high-energy percussion and "koplo" beats, is being nominated for UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage status. : Centered in cities like

, the indie scene thrives on community-driven labels and a "poptastic" aesthetic that has gained international followers on platforms like K-pop Influence

: Indonesia remains one of the largest global markets for Korean content. This "Hallyu" wave has transformed local fan culture, leading to a rise in K-pop themed cafes and merchandise hubs across major cities like How Indonesia's Film Went Global on Netflix!

Indonesian pop culture is a vibrant fusion of deep-rooted traditions and ultra-modern global trends. From the massive "Indo-pop" music scene to a world-class action cinema industry, Indonesia is a creative powerhouse in Southeast Asia. 🎬 Cinema: From Horror to Hollywood

Indonesian film has seen a massive "New Wave" in the last decade.

Action Prowess: Films like The Raid redefined global action cinema and sent stars like Iko Uwais to Hollywood.

Horror Obsession: Indonesia produces some of the world's most terrifying horror, often rooted in local folklore (e.g., Satan’s Slaves).

Streaming Boom: Platforms like Netflix and Disney+ Hotstar are investing heavily in local "Originals," spanning rom-coms to gritty dramas. 🎵 Music: The Heartbeat of the Nation

Music is inseparable from daily life in Indonesia, ranging from street performances to stadium tours.

Indo-Pop: Local artists like Tulus, Raisa, and NIKI (of 88rising) dominate charts, blending soulful lyrics with international production.

Dangdut: The "music of the people." This genre blends Malay, Arabic, and Hindustani influences. Modern "Dangdut Koplo" is the go-to for high-energy parties.

The K-Pop Effect: Indonesia has one of the world's largest K-pop fanbases, leading to frequent collaborations and K-idols becoming brand ambassadors for local products. 📱 Digital Culture & Lifestyle

Social Media Giants: Indonesians are among the most active users globally on TikTok, Instagram, and X (Twitter).

Gaming & Esports: Mobile gaming is massive. Games like Mobile Legends and Free Fire have professional leagues with celebrity-level players.

Culinary Fame: Food is entertainment. Content creators focused on Mukbang or "Street Food Chronicles" gain millions of views showcasing staples like Nasi Goreng and Seblak. 🎭 Traditional Meets Modern

Wayang Kulit (Shadow Puppetry): Still performed today, sometimes incorporating modern themes or electric instruments.

Batik in Fashion: No longer just formal wear; young designers are turning Batik into streetwear, making it "cool" for Gen Z.

Write a detailed LinkedIn article about the business of Indonesian media?

Create a TikTok script highlighting the "must-watch" Indonesian movies?

Indonesia's entertainment landscape is a vibrant collision of deep-rooted traditions and high-octane modern pop culture, driven by one of the world's most digitally active youth populations. 1. The Pulse of Music: From Dangdut to Global Pop

Music is the heart of Indonesian pop culture, characterized by a unique "hybridity" that blends local sounds with global trends.

Dangdut: Often called the "music of the people," this genre combines Indian, Arabic, and Malay influences with modern beats.

Indo-Pop & Rock: Bands like Sheila on 7 and Dewa 19 remain legendary, while newer acts are increasingly utilizing music streaming platforms to reach international audiences.

The "Broken Heart" Phenomenon: Local Javanese music, specifically Dangdut Campursari, saw a massive resurgence recently, led by icons like the late Didi Kempot, known as the "Godfather of Broken Heart". 2. Screen Culture: Sinetron, Film, and OTT

Indonesia’s screen industry is a powerhouse of storytelling, transitioning from traditional TV to global streaming platforms.

Indonesian entertainment and popular culture are a vibrant fusion of deep-seated traditions and modern global influences, reflecting the nation's motto, Bhinneka Tunggal Ika (Unity in Diversity). This cultural mosaic is defined by its ability to preserve ancient art forms like wayang puppetry while enthusiastically adopting—and localising—global trends such as K-pop and digital media. Traditional Performing Arts

Traditional entertainment in Indonesia is often inseparable from spiritual and community life, with centuries-old roots.

📱 POST TITLE: Beyond Bali & Beaches: The Explosive Rise of Indonesian Pop Culture

🖼️ IMAGE IDEA: A colorful mosaic featuring a still from a Netflix Indonesian horror film, a photo of girl group JKT48 performing, a bowl of Indomie, and a screenshot of a popular Webtoon.

👇 THE CAPTION:

For decades, the world looked to the West or Korea for pop culture trends. But Indonesia—the world’s 4th most populous nation—has quietly built an entertainment empire of its own. 🇮🇩

From haunting horror movies that break Netflix records to homegrown K-pop rivals and soap operas that hypnotize 250+ million viewers, here’s what’s hot in Indonesian entertainment right now:

🎬 1. The Rise of "Horror Lokal" Indonesian horror isn't just jump scares; it’s rooted in pesugihan (black magic) and kuntilanak folklore. Films like Pengabdi Setan (Satan's Slaves) and KKN di Desa Penari shattered box office records. Streaming platforms are betting big on Indonesian frights.

🎵 2. The Pop & Dangdut Remix While K-pop dominates globally, Indonesia has JKT48 (the sister group of Japan’s AKB48) and massive soloists like Raisa (the "Indonesian Adele"). But the king of the people? Dangdut—a gritty, erotic, and electrifying mix of Malay, Indian, and Arabic music. Watch Via Vallen or Nella Kharisma for instant proof.

📺 3. Sinetron (Soap Operas) vs. Web Series Gone are the days of overly dramatic, 500-episode sinetron. The new wave? High-quality web series like Gadis Kretek (Cigarette Girl)—a nostalgic love story set in the clove cigarette industry—which became a global hit on Netflix.

📱 4. The TikTok & Webtoon Factory Jakarta is a top global TikTok city. Indonesian creators are masters of POV skits and chaotic family humor. Meanwhile, Line Webtoon Indonesia produces massive hits like Si Juki and Tahilalats that have been turned into animated series and merch empires.

🍜 5. The "Indomie" of It All You can’t separate pop culture from food. Indomie Goreng (instant noodles) is the national obsession—referenced in songs, memes, and movies. If a character eats Indomie in a film, you know they're either a broke college student or about to have a deep emotional moment.

Why this matters: Indonesian entertainment is no longer a copycat. It's raw, superstitious, spicy, and deeply local—yet universally relatable. With a young, digital-native population, this is the next big wave in global streaming and music.

What should the world watch/stream next? 👉 "The Big 4" (action comedy) on Netflix. 👉 "Ngeri-Ngeri Sedap" (family drama/comedy). 👉 Follow @awkarin or @rricis on Instagram for influencer chaos.

Do you consume any Indonesian pop culture? Drop a 🌶️ if you love Indomie or a 👻 if you dare watch their horror movies!

#IndonesianCulture #PopCulture #NetflixIndonesia #Dangdut #HorrorLokal #EntertainmentTrends #AsiaPop #BukanKPop #IndonesianCreators

Indonesian entertainment and popular culture in 2026 is defined by a powerful "cultural outlook" that blends deep heritage with high-tech digital acceleration

. The nation’s diverse identity—spanning over 1,340 ethnic groups—is being strategically leveraged to drive economic growth and global soft power, particularly through music tourism and the dominance of local film genres. 🎬 The "Horror Wave" Dominates Cinema

Indonesian cinema has achieved a massive market reversal, with local productions commanding roughly 65-70% of the box office , consistently outperforming Hollywood imports. Horror Supremacy

: Horror films made up 60% of all domestic productions in 2024, accounting for 70% of total ticket sales. Key 2025/2026 Hits : Titles like Pabrik Gula

(Sugar Mill) led the 2025 box office with millions in revenue. Upcoming 2026 releases include the highly anticipated Agak Laen 2 Bandits Of Batavia , and the Batak musical Pulang Kampung Global Reach : Streaming platforms like have turned local hits like (zombie horror) and

into global sensations, reaching top 10 charts in over 75 countries. Screen Daily 🎵 Music: From Soft Power to Global Tourism

Music is projected to be a primary driver of Indonesian tourism in 2026, as travelers increasingly seek emotional experiences over just physical destinations. ANTARA News

Indonesian popular culture is a high-energy mix of deep-rooted traditions and modern global trends. From the massive influence of "Hallyu" (Korean Wave) to the enduring power of local Dangdut music, the archipelago has created a unique entertainment identity that is now spilling over its borders. The Music Scene: From Dangdut to Indie

Music is the heartbeat of Indonesian life. Dangdut, with its signature tabla beats and Malay-Arabic roots, remains the "music of the people." Modern stars like Via Vallen have updated the genre with pop infusions, making it trendy for younger generations.

Simultaneously, Indonesia has a thriving Indie scene. Cities like Bandung and Jakarta have birthed bands that prioritize poetic lyrics and sophisticated arrangements, gaining international traction on platforms like Spotify. Cinema and the "Horror" Obsession

Indonesian cinema is currently in a "Golden Age." While action films like The Raid put the country on the global map, horror is the undisputed king of the local box office. Directors like Joko Anwar (Satan’s Slaves) have elevated the genre, using local folklore and urban legends to create bone-chilling hits that resonate across Southeast Asia. The Rise of Digital Content

With one of the world's most active social media populations, Indonesia’s "Creator Economy" is massive.

Vlogging & Gaming: YouTube and TikTok stars are the new A-listers, often wielding more influence than traditional TV celebrities.

Webtoons & Literature: Digital platforms have revitalized storytelling, with many popular Indonesian webcomics being adapted into live-action films and series. Culinary Pop Culture

In Indonesia, food is entertainment. The "Mukbang" trend is huge, but more importantly, local dishes like Nasi Goreng and Indomie have become cultural icons. Indomie, in particular, has a cult-like following globally, often featuring in memes and streetwear collaborations. Global Outlook

Thanks to streaming giants like Netflix and Disney+ Hotstar, Indonesian content is more accessible than ever. Whether it’s a gritty crime drama or a heartwarming rom-com, the world is finally getting a front-row seat to the creative explosion happening in Southeast Asia's largest economy.

For a comprehensive academic look at Indonesian popular culture, one of the most foundational and "solid" works is

Popular Culture in Indonesia: Fluid Identities in Post-Authoritarian Politics Ariel Heryanto

. This book, along with several recent scholarly papers, explores how the intersection of media, religion (specifically Islam), and globalization shapes modern Indonesian identity. 1. Key Foundational Work

Popular Culture in Indonesia: Fluid Identities in Post-Authoritarian Politics by Ariel Heryanto (2008).

: This is a seminal text that analyzes the explosion of popular culture after the fall of the New Order.

: It covers the rise of Indonesian cinema, teen movies, and the "new celebrity" culture (e.g., Indonesian Idol

), while discussing how these forms help negotiate ethnic and religious identities. : Available through many academic repositories and the Routledge Taylor & Francis Group Repository UNIKOM 2. Recent Scholarly Papers (2020–2026)

If you are looking for more contemporary research, consider these papers:

From Screen to Society: How Popular Culture Shapes Values and Beliefs in Indonesian Teenagers (September 2023)

: Investigates the impact of globalized media (YouTube, TikTok, Netflix) on the attitudes of Indonesian youth. Key Finding

: It highlights a "negotiation" where youth adapt global trends while reaffirming local cultural identity. Available on West Science Social and Humanities Studies

The Evolving Landscape of Indonesian Cinema Consumption in the Digital Age (January 2026)

: Analyzes the shift from traditional theaters to on-demand streaming services (SVoD) like Netflix. Key Finding

: Explores the "cultural paradox" where digital platforms democratize access but also introduce new forms of algorithmic control over Indonesian content. Available on ResearchGate

Pop Culture as Argument and Aspiration in Post-Authoritarian Indonesia (March 2020)

: A review of how pop culture affects party politics, romance, and religion. Key Finding

: Specifically looks at the "intersection with Islam," highlighting the relationship between piety and entertainment. Available via Brill 3. Critical Themes in Indonesian Pop Culture

Research in this field typically revolves around three main "pillars": The "Korean Wave" (Hallyu)

: Extensive studies show how K-Pop influences Indonesian students' lifestyle, daily language, and fashion. Religion and Piety

: Scholars frequently examine "Islamic Pop Culture," where religious values are marketed through films, magazines, and social media influencers. National Identity

: Many papers discuss how television (since the 1976 Palapa satellite launch) has been a tool for nation-building, though regional identities often resist this central narrative. Are you focusing on a specific medium (like film or music) or a specific demographic (like youth or religious groups) for your research?

Music

  • Indonesian music, known as "musik Indonesia," is a fusion of traditional and modern styles.
  • Popular genres include:
    • Dangdut: a unique blend of traditional Indonesian music, Malay, and Indian influences.
    • Pop: Indonesian pop music, often featuring catchy melodies and lyrics.
    • Rock: Indonesian rock music, with a focus on energetic live performances.
  • Famous Indonesian musicians:
    • Isyana Sarasvati: a singer-songwriter known for her soulful voice and hit songs like "Temple of Love."
    • Raisa: a pop singer-songwriter with a distinctive voice and popular songs like "Serba Salah."
    • Nidji: a rock band with a large following and hits like "Kemenangan Hati."

Film and Television

  • Indonesian cinema, known as "film Indonesia," has gained international recognition in recent years.
  • Popular genres include:
    • Drama: films often focusing on social issues, family, and relationships.
    • Comedy: light-hearted, humorous films that frequently satirize Indonesian culture.
  • Notable Indonesian films:
    • "The Raid: Redemption" (2011): an action-packed martial arts film.
    • "Laskar Pelangi" (2008): a heartwarming drama about a group of students in a small town.
  • Indonesian television:
    • Soap operas, known as "sinetron," are extremely popular and often feature melodramatic storylines.
    • Reality TV shows, like "Indonesia Got Talent" and "X Factor Indonesia," have gained a large following.

Traditional Arts

  • Wayang: traditional Indonesian shadow puppetry, often featuring epic stories from Hindu and Buddhist mythology.
  • Batik: traditional Indonesian textile art, characterized by intricate patterns and designs.
  • Tari: traditional Indonesian dance, with various styles and movements reflecting different regions and cultures.

Food and Beverage

  • Indonesian cuisine, known as "masakan Indonesia," is diverse and flavorful, with popular dishes like:
    • Nasi goreng: Indonesian-style fried rice.
    • Gado-gado: a refreshing salad of mixed vegetables, tofu, and tempeh.
    • Sate: grilled meat skewers, often served with spicy peanut sauce.
  • Traditional Indonesian beverages:
    • Kopi: Indonesian coffee, known for its rich flavor and aroma.
    • Teh: Indonesian tea, often served sweet and hot.

Festivals and Celebrations

  • Indonesian Independence Day (August 17th): a national holiday commemorating the country's independence.
  • Idul Fitri (Eid al-Fitr): a significant Islamic holiday marking the end of Ramadan.
  • Galungan: a Hindu holiday celebrated in Bali, honoring the creator of the universe.

Social Media and Online Culture

  • Social media platforms like Instagram, YouTube, and TikTok are extremely popular in Indonesia.
  • Online communities and forums often focus on discussing Indonesian entertainment, culture, and social issues.

Influencers and Celebrities

  • Indonesian celebrities, like actors, musicians, and models, often have a significant following on social media.
  • Influencers, particularly those focused on beauty, fashion, and lifestyle, have gained popularity in recent years.

Regional Culture

  • Indonesia has 17,000+ islands, each with its unique culture, customs, and traditions.
  • Regional cultures, like Javanese, Sundanese, and Balinese, offer a rich and diverse experience for visitors and locals alike.

This guide provides a glimpse into the vibrant world of Indonesian entertainment and popular culture. From traditional arts to modern music and film, there's something for everyone to enjoy in this incredible country.

The Vibrant World of Indonesian Entertainment and Popular Culture

Indonesia, the world's fourth most populous country, is a treasure trove of diverse cultures, traditions, and entertainment. The country's entertainment and popular culture scene is a reflection of its rich heritage, with a unique blend of traditional and modern influences. In this blog post, we'll take you on a journey to explore the fascinating world of Indonesian entertainment and popular culture.

Music: The Beat of Indonesia

Indonesian music is a fusion of traditional and modern styles, with genres like Dangdut, Campursari, and Keroncong being incredibly popular. Dangdut, a genre that originated in the 1970s, is a lively and energetic style that combines traditional Indonesian music with modern elements. Campursari, on the other hand, is a genre that blends traditional Javanese music with modern instruments and styles.

Some of Indonesia's most famous musicians include:

  • Isyana Sarasvati: A singer-songwriter known for her soulful voice and hit songs like "Kemana" and "Di Mata Mu".
  • Raisya: A young singer who rose to fame with her powerful voice and catchy pop songs.
  • Slank: A popular rock band known for their energetic live performances and hits like "Terlalu Manis" and "Kangen".

Film and Television: The Rise of Indonesian Cinema

Indonesian cinema has experienced a significant surge in recent years, with many films gaining international recognition. The country's film industry has produced talented directors like:

  • Gareth Subowo: Known for his romantic comedies like "Mau Dong" and "Gue & Lo".
  • Riri Riza: A critically acclaimed director who has won numerous awards for his films like "Sang Saka" and "Sutan Sjahrir".

Indonesian television has also become increasingly popular, with soap operas like "Anugerah Terindah Yang Pernah Kumiliki" and "Kangen" captivating audiences across the country.

Traditional Arts: The Beauty of Indonesian Culture

Indonesia is home to a rich cultural heritage, with traditional arts like:

  • Wayang: A traditional form of shadow puppetry that tells stories from Hindu-Buddhist mythology.
  • Batik: A traditional textile art form that involves applying wax and dye to fabric to create intricate patterns.
  • Gamelan: A traditional music ensemble that features percussion instruments like gongs, drums, and metallophones.

Food: The Flavors of Indonesia

Indonesian cuisine is a delicious reflection of the country's cultural diversity, with popular dishes like:

  • Nasi Goreng: A fried rice dish that's often served with vegetables, meat, and a fried egg.
  • Gado-Gado: A salad made from mixed vegetables, tofu, and tempeh, topped with peanut sauce.
  • Sate: A popular street food made from grilled meat skewers, usually served with spicy peanut sauce.

Idols and Influencers: The Faces of Indonesian Entertainment

Indonesia has a thriving celebrity culture, with many idols and influencers who have gained a massive following across the country. Some of the most popular Indonesian celebrities include:

  • Agnez Mo: A singer and actress who has won numerous awards for her music and acting.
  • Tara Basro: A model and actress who has become a household name in Indonesia.
  • Bowo Alpenliebe: A social media influencer who has gained a massive following for his witty commentary and entertaining videos.

Conclusion

Indonesian entertainment and popular culture are a vibrant reflection of the country's rich heritage and diverse traditions. From music and film to traditional arts and food, there's so much to explore and discover in this fascinating country. Whether you're a fan of Dangdut music, Indonesian cinema, or traditional arts, Indonesia has something to offer everyone. So come and experience the beauty and excitement of Indonesian entertainment and popular culture!

Here are some interesting features of Indonesian entertainment and popular culture:

  1. Rich Cultural Heritage: Indonesian entertainment is deeply rooted in its rich cultural heritage, with influences from traditional music, dance, and art forms such as wayang (shadow puppetry) and batik (intricate textile art).
  2. Music and Dance: Indonesian music and dance are highly regarded, with popular genres like dangdut (a fusion of traditional and modern music), gamelan (traditional percussion music), and contemporary styles like pop and rock.
  3. Wayang Golek: Traditional shadow puppetry, Wayang Golek, is a highly respected art form in Indonesia, with intricately carved puppets and elaborate storytelling.
  4. Batik and Traditional Fashion: Indonesian batik and traditional fashion are highly regarded, with vibrant colors, patterns, and designs that reflect the country's diverse cultural heritage.
  5. Food and Cuisine: Indonesian cuisine is a significant part of its entertainment and culture, with popular dishes like nasi goreng (fried rice), gado-gado (vegetable salad), and sate (grilled meat skewers).
  6. Film Industry: Indonesia has a thriving film industry, with many critically acclaimed movies that showcase the country's culture, history, and social issues.
  7. Indonesian Idol and Talent Shows: Popular TV shows like Indonesian Idol and talent shows have become a staple of Indonesian entertainment, showcasing the country's musical and artistic talents.
  8. Social Media and Online Entertainment: Social media and online platforms have become increasingly popular in Indonesia, with many Indonesians using platforms like YouTube, TikTok, and Instagram to consume and share entertainment content.

Some popular Indonesian entertainment and cultural events include:

  • Indonesian Film Festival: A annual festival showcasing Indonesian films
  • Jakarta International Film Festival: A prestigious film festival featuring Indonesian and international films
  • Indonesian Music Awards: An annual awards ceremony recognizing outstanding achievements in Indonesian music
  • Wayang Golek Festival: A celebration of traditional shadow puppetry

Some notable Indonesian entertainers and celebrities include:

  • Isyana Sarasvati: A singer-songwriter and pianist known for her soulful voice and hit songs like "Tunggu Aku di Jakarta"
  • Raisya Bunga: A popular Indonesian singer and actress
  • Fajar Alfian: A talented Indonesian singer and musician
  • Tora Sudiro: A well-known Indonesian actor and comedian

These are just a few examples of the many interesting features of Indonesian entertainment and popular culture. The country's rich cultural heritage, diverse artistic expressions, and vibrant entertainment industry make it a fascinating topic to explore.

6. Conclusion: Hybridity as Strength

Indonesian popular culture is a kaleidoscope—not a melting pot. It fragments and reassembles global forms (K-pop choreography, Western reality TV) into local frameworks (gotong royong values, Islamic ethics). As internet penetration reaches 78% of 280 million people, the next phase will likely see Indonesian creators not just consuming but exporting culture (e.g., Dangdut covers of Western hits). The future of Indonesian entertainment is neither wholly local nor global—it is glocal.